Explain Nyaya theory of inference

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Nyaya is one of the six classical schools of Indian philosophy, and it focuses on logic, epistemology, and metaphysics.

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The Nyaya system provides a comprehensive analysis of inference, which is known as “anumana” in Sanskrit. Inference is considered a valid means of knowledge acquisition in Nyaya philosophy.

The Nyaya theory of inference consists of five steps, known as the “Pancavayava,” which outlines the components of a valid inference. These steps are:

  1. Pratijna (Proposition): This is the initial step where a claim or proposition is made. It is a statement that needs to be proven or supported through inference.
  2. Hetu (Reason): Hetu is the reason or evidence provided to support the proposition. It serves as the middle term connecting the subject and the predicate of the proposition.
  3. Udaharana (Example): Udaharana involves providing one or more examples that illustrate the relationship between the reason (hetu) and the proposition. These examples help in understanding the generalization made in the inference.
  4. Upanaya (Application): Upanaya is the application of the example to the specific case at hand. It involves demonstrating how the example is relevant to the subject in question.
  5. Nigamana (Conclusion): Nigamana is the final step where the conclusion is drawn based on the application of the example. The conclusion affirms the proposition based on the provided reason and example.

For an inference to be valid according to Nyaya, all these five steps must be present and adhere to specific rules and conditions. The Nyaya system emphasizes the importance of valid reasoning and rejects fallacious forms of inference.

Additionally, Nyaya recognizes two types of inference:

  1. Svarthanumana (Self-established Inference): In this type, the probans (reason) and the probandum (proposition) are related directly without the need for external evidence.
  2. Pararthanumana (Other-established Inference): In this type, external evidence or testimony is required to establish the connection between the reason and the proposition.

Overall, Nyaya’s theory of inference provides a systematic and logical framework for understanding the process of reasoning and inference in the pursuit of knowledge.