Discuss in detail the emergence and growth of people science movement.

1. Citizen Science:

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• Emergence:
  • Citizen science involves the participation of non-professional volunteers in scientific research. It has gained momentum as technology has made it easier for people to contribute to scientific endeavors. The democratization of data collection tools, such as smartphones and online platforms, has facilitated the involvement of the general public in various scientific projects.
  • The term “citizen science” gained popularity in the late 20th century, but the concept has historical roots. Examples include amateur astronomers contributing observations and data, birdwatchers providing valuable information for ornithology, and community-based environmental monitoring efforts.
• Growth:
  • The growth of citizen science can be attributed to several factors:
  • Technological Advances: The ubiquity of smartphones, GPS devices, and other technologies has empowered individuals to collect and share data easily.
  • Open Data Initiatives: Increased openness in scientific research and a push for open data have created opportunities for collaboration between scientists and the public.
  • Community Engagement: Citizen science projects often address local or community issues, fostering a sense of ownership and engagement.
  • Education and Awareness: Citizen science contributes to science education and increases public awareness of scientific processes and findings.
• Examples:
  • Projects range from monitoring wildlife, tracking climate change, identifying celestial objects, and contributing to biodiversity studies. Platforms like Zooniverse, iNaturalist, and eBird provide opportunities for individuals to participate in various scientific endeavors.

1. Participatory Action Research (PAR):

• Emergence:
  • Participatory Action Research (PAR) is an approach where researchers and community members collaborate in the research process. It emerged in the 20th century as a response to traditional research methods that often excluded the voices and perspectives of those being studied.
  • The roots of participatory approaches can be traced back to critical social theory and the work of educators and researchers seeking more democratic and equitable research practices.
• Growth:
  • PAR has grown in popularity due to its emphasis on empowerment, social justice, and community-driven change. It has been widely adopted in fields such as education, public health, social work, and community development.
  • The growth of PAR is tied to a broader movement advocating for more participatory and inclusive approaches in research. It challenges traditional power dynamics, recognizing the expertise of both researchers and community members.
• Examples:
  • PAR projects vary widely but often involve collaborative efforts to address social issues, improve community well-being, or enhance local capacity. For instance, a PAR project might involve community members and researchers working together to identify and address health disparities, educational challenges, or environmental concerns.

While these movements, citizen science and participatory action research, are not synonymous with a “people science movement,” they both underscore the importance of including diverse perspectives, expertise, and active participation in scientific research and decision-making processes.