Ecological succession refers to the process of change in the structure and composition of a biological community over time.

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It occurs in a series of stages or steps after a disturbance or in a new, unoccupied habitat. There are two main types of ecological succession:

Primary Succession: This type of succession occurs in areas where no life existed before, such as on newly formed rock surfaces, volcanic lava flows, or areas left behind by retreating glaciers. The process starts with pioneer species, like lichens and mosses, which gradually break down the rock and create soil. Over time, larger plants and eventually trees establish themselves, leading to a diverse and stable climax community.
Secondary Succession: Secondary succession occurs in areas where an existing community has been disturbed by events such as fires, hurricanes, logging, or farming. In these cases, the soil is already present, so the process begins with the growth of fast-growing, early-successional species like grasses, shrubs, or weeds. These species pave the way for the eventual reestablishment of the original climax community or a different stable ecosystem.

The process of succession involves changes in species composition, diversity, and the overall structure of the ecosystem. It’s driven by interactions between organisms and their environment, including competition, facilitation, and adaptation to changing conditions. Ultimately, succession leads to the development of a stable and diverse community better suited to the prevailing environmental conditions.