Biochemical effects of Arsenic & Mercury

Arsenic and mercury are toxic elements that can have profound biochemical effects on living organisms.

Get the full solved assignment PDF of MEV-013 of 2023-24 session now.

Here are some key biochemical effects associated with each of these elements:

Arsenic:

1. Inhibition of Enzymes:

• Arsenic interferes with the activity of various enzymes, particularly those involved in cellular respiration and energy metabolism.
• It can disrupt the function of enzymes by binding to their sulfhydryl groups.

1. DNA Damage:

• Arsenic is known to induce DNA damage, leading to mutations and potential carcinogenic effects.
• It can interfere with the repair mechanisms that cells use to fix damaged DNA.

1. Disruption of Cellular Signaling:

• Arsenic can interfere with cellular signaling pathways, disrupting the normal communication between cells.
• It may affect processes such as cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis.

1. Oxidative Stress:

• Arsenic exposure can lead to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing oxidative stress.
• This oxidative stress can damage lipids, proteins, and DNA within cells.

1. Impaired Glucose Metabolism:

• Arsenic has been linked to impaired glucose metabolism, contributing to conditions such as diabetes.

1. Cardiovascular Effects:

• Chronic exposure to arsenic is associated with cardiovascular issues, including hypertension and atherosclerosis.

Mercury:

1. Inhibition of Enzymes:

• Mercury can bind to thiol groups in enzymes, disrupting their structure and function.
• Enzymes involved in various cellular processes, including energy metabolism, can be affected.

1. Neurotoxicity:

• Mercury has a strong affinity for the nervous system, particularly the brain.
• It can cause neurotoxic effects, leading to symptoms such as tremors, memory loss, and cognitive impairment.

1. Formation of Reactive Species:

• Mercury can lead to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), causing oxidative stress.

1. Immunotoxicity:

• Mercury exposure may adversely affect the immune system, compromising the body’s ability to defend against infections.

1. Renal Damage:

• Inorganic mercury, such as mercuric chloride, can cause kidney damage, affecting filtration and excretion functions.

1. Cardiovascular Effects:

• Mercury exposure has been associated with cardiovascular issues, including hypertension and an increased risk of heart disease.

It’s important to note that both arsenic and mercury can have severe health implications, and chronic exposure to elevated levels of these elements is a significant concern. Prevention and reduction of exposure are crucial in minimizing the adverse effects on human health and the environment.